Doses used in published trials

This list is built from the study database. It shows the dose the researchers chose in each study, and for how long. Follow a study’s link for its design, result and limits.

These are not recommended doses. A dose used in a trial is not shown to be the right dose, or a safe dose, for any person or animal. Talk to your doctor or vet.

Humans

Gianni 2026 Observational study: Two capsules daily of phycocyanin and palmitoylethanolamide, from five days before to five days after menstruation onset. Duration: Three consecutive months.
Bugnicourt 2026 Case series: Oral palmitoylethanolamide, added to the patient's existing gabapentin. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Amjad 2026 Randomised controlled trial: Phospholipid-formulated PEA (Cronilief, Phytosome delivery) 600 → 300 mg a day (as written in the abstract), or 450 mg a day, versus placebo, added to standard of care. Duration: 8 weeks (clinical trial); 2 weeks in the pharmacokinetic sub-study.
Misasi 2026 Observational study: A five-ingredient supplement for 14 days each month, or fosfomycin every 10 days; PEA amount not in the abstract. Duration: 6 months.
Mario 2026 Meta-analysis: Not stated in the abstract (varied across included studies; PEA given alone or in combination). Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Harshith 2026 Open-label, no control group: PEA and Acmella oleracea extract nutraceutical combination, oral; dose not stated in the abstract. Duration: 4 weeks.
Schouten 2026 Randomised controlled trial: Levagen+ 2 x 350 mg a day or maltodextrin placebo. Duration: Each condition covered one bout of muscle-damaging exercise (240 eccentric knee-extensor contractions) with biopsies at baseline and 48 hours.
Scibetta 2026 Observational study: 600 mg of palmitoylethanolamide with 250 mg of baicalin, twice a day (Neuridase). The comparison group took no supplement. Duration: 6 months.
Srivastava 2026 Randomised controlled trial: Two dose levels of palmitoylethanolamide against placebo. The record checked does not give the doses or the number of participants. Duration: 12 weeks.
Steardo 2026 Randomised controlled trial: 1,200 mg a day of ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide or placebo, each with or without cognitive behavioural therapy. Duration: 6 months of treatment and 12 months of follow-up.
Taye 2026 Case series: PEA 300 mg capsules (Metagenics Bio Absorb PEA), 600 mg a day, plus a daily probiotic capsule; matched placebo capsules in the baseline phase. Duration: 11 weeks: 2 or 4 weeks of placebo, then 7 to 9 weeks of active treatment, with the switch point concealed.
Zaurito 2026 Observational study: A saw palmetto, lycopene and selenium product, with or without an Epilobium, palmitoylethanolamide and Calendula product; doses not in the abstract. Duration: Assessed at 1 week and 1 month.
Assogna 2025 Randomised controlled trial: 700 mg of palmitoylethanolamide with 70 mg of luteolin, twice a day. Duration: 24 weeks.
Bentivenga 2025 Observational study: 600 mg of palmitoylethanolamide with 500 mg of acetyl-L-carnitine twice a day for 8 weeks, then once a day (Kalanit), added to standard care. Duration: 12 weeks.
Matteo 2025 Observational study: Oral alpha-lipoic acid 800 mg/day, PEA 600 mg/day, myrrh 200 mg/day, alongside CT-guided oxygen-ozone paravertebral injections. Duration: 30-day oral regimen; outcomes followed at one month and one year.
Bortoletto 2025 Open-label, no control group: 600 mg a day of ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide, added to usual treatment. Duration: 12 weeks.
Cominacini 2025 Observational study: A fixed-combination supplement taken with conventional therapy; component doses not stated in the abstract. Duration: 8 weeks.
Cornali 2025 Randomised controlled trial: Two capsules a day, each with 360 mg of co-micronised palmitoylethanolamide-rutin and 15 mg of hydroxytyrosol. Duration: 8 weeks on each of supplement and placebo, with a 2-week washout.
Crupi 2025 Meta-analysis: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Searched to August 2023.
Deb 2025 Randomised controlled trial: 600 mg a day of Levagen+. Duration: 6 weeks on each of palmitoylethanolamide and placebo, with a 6-week washout.
Invernizzi 2025 Open-label, no control group: Tablets with 600 mg of palmitoylethanolamide and 300 mg of Equisetum arvense: two a day for 2 weeks, then one a day for 6 weeks. Duration: 8 weeks.
Piccolo 2025 Randomised controlled trial: 1,200 mg of palmitoylethanolamide with 0.2 mg of melatonin, once a day at bedtime. Duration: 3 months, after a 2-month run-in.
Rao 2025 Randomised controlled trial: One capsule of Levagen+ 350 mg (at least 300 mg PEA) or microcrystalline cellulose placebo at pain onset (NRS 5 or more), with a second capsule at 2 hours if pain persisted. Duration: Up to 4 pain events per woman over 16 weeks, in randomised crossover order; each event followed for 4 hours.
Emmanuel 2024 Observational study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was measured in serum, not given. Duration: Cross-sectional.
Batacan 2024 Randomised controlled trial: 700 mg a day of Levagen+ (350 mg twice a day). Duration: 12 weeks.
Ingeborg 2024 Observational study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was measured in hair, not given. Duration: March to May 2020; one hair sample of up to 6 cm taken in May 2020, four interview visits.
Massimo 2024 Controlled trial: PEALut 770 mg twice daily in addition to standard therapy. Duration: 90 days.
Bortoletto 2024 Case series: 600 mg a day of ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide, with no other medication. Duration: 4 months, with follow-up to 36 weeks.
Riccardo 2024 Open-label, no control group: Ultramicronised PEA (um-PEA) 600 mg/day, oral. Duration: 12-week open-label phase, with an optional 24-week extension.
Briskey 2024 Randomised controlled trial: 600 mg of Levagen+ at the start of a migraine. A second dose was allowed after 2 hours. Duration: Single migraine events, observed for up to 8 hours.
Chiara 2024 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Cantone 2024 Randomised controlled trial: One sachet daily of ultramicronised PEA 700 mg plus luteolin 70 mg (Glialia, Epitech); alpha-lipoic acid 800 mg daily; or both; all groups did daily olfactory training. Duration: 6 months.
Cocito 2024 Open-label, no control group: 600 mg of ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide twice a day (Normast 600 tablets). Duration: 60 days of treatment within 180 days of observation.
Stefano 2024 Observational study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was measured in serum, not given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Davis 2024 Randomised controlled trial: 400 mg once a day or 400 mg twice a day (OptiPEA capsules), against placebo. Duration: 8 weeks.
Di 2024 Randomised controlled trial: 200 mg of palmitoylethanolamide with 20 mg of polydatin, three times a day. Duration: 12 weeks.
Didangelos 2024 Randomised controlled trial: One combination tablet twice a day, with 300 mg of palmitoylethanolamide, 300 mg of alpha lipoic acid, superoxide dismutase, B vitamins, vitamin E, magnesium and zinc. Duration: 6 months.
Gellrich 2024 Randomised controlled trial: Palmitoylethanolamide with luteolin, added to olfactory training. The comparison group did olfactory training alone.
Huschtscha 2024 Randomised controlled trial: Two Levagen+ capsules a day, each with at least 150 mg of palmitoylethanolamide. Duration: 8 weeks of resistance training.
Kim 2024 Randomised controlled trial: 700 mg a day of Levagen+. Duration: 6 weeks on each of palmitoylethanolamide and placebo, with a 6-week washout between.
Maria 2024 Laboratory study: A nutraceutical formulation of melatonin and palmitoylethanolamide tested at their bioaccessible concentrations after simulated intestinal digestion (bioaccessibility: palmitoylethanolamide 1.6%, melatonin 36%). Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
I 2024 Observational study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was measured in plasma, not given. Duration: Samples before the study, after diet-induced weight loss, and after 52 weeks of treatment.
Merolla 2024 Observational study: Micronised and ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide 600 mg twice daily. Duration: 3 months.
Morgia 2024 Open-label, no control group: One rectal suppository a day containing palmitoylethanolamide, Epilobium and Calendula; amounts not in the abstract. Duration: 1 month.
Matthew 2024 Observational study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was measured, not given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Rao 2024 Randomised controlled trial: A moisturising cream with 1.5% palmitoylethanolamide (Levagen+), applied twice a day, compared with the same base cream without it. Duration: 4 weeks.
Chuanpeng 2024 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide loaded into elastic nano-liposomes (PEA-ENL), applied topically. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Rhodes 2024 Randomised controlled trial: Low, medium or high doses of a four-compound supplement, or wheat flour control, 2 hours after a standard breakfast; PEA dose not stated in the abstract. Duration: Single doses with blood samples over 4 hours.
Luca 2024 Case series: Ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide 400 mg plus ultramicronised luteolin 40 mg (branded Glìalia), two tablets a day 12 hours apart. Duration: 6 months.
Schouten 2024 Randomised controlled trial: 350 mg of Levagen+ or a maltodextrin placebo, in randomised order, with each condition followed by one bout of eccentric knee extensor exercise (24 sets of 10 contractions). Duration: 120 hours after exercise.
Schweiger 2024 Meta-analysis: Ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide at 600 to 1,800 mg a day, or micronised palmitoylethanolamide with polydatin. Duration: At least 60 days.
Amlendu 2024 Randomised controlled trial: Group I: pregabalin 75 mg plus nortriptyline 10 mg once daily; Group II: palmitoylethanolamide 600 mg twice daily; Group III: the combination of both. Duration: 12 weeks.
Renato 2024 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Terribili 2024 Open-label, no control group: 1,200 mg of palmitoylethanolamide with 0.2 mg of melatonin, once a day at bedtime. Duration: 3 months, then 1 month off treatment.
Briskey 2023 Randomised controlled trial: 350 mg a day of Levagen+. Duration: 14 days.
Capra 2023 Meta-analysis: 700 mg of palmitoylethanolamide with 70 mg of luteolin, once a day. Duration: 30 to 90 days.
Chaoling 2023 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; kidney PEA and OEA levels were measured. Duration: 72 hours after cisplatin.
Di 2023 Randomised controlled trial: 700 mg of palmitoylethanolamide with 70 mg of luteolin, once or twice a day, with or without olfactory training. The comparison group had olfactory training with a placebo. Duration: 90 days.
Arianna 2023 Observational study: Co-ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide with luteolin plus olfactory training for the COVID group; amount not stated. The MS group received disease-modifying therapies. Duration: Three months for the COVID group.
Arianna 2023 Randomised controlled trial: Daily oral ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide with luteolin plus olfactory training, or placebo plus olfactory training. Duration: 90 consecutive days.
Yun 2023 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide applied to cells in vitro; injected intraperitoneally in mice (dose not stated). Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Jesús 2023 Observational study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was measured in plasma, not given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Melissa 2023 Observational study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; hair levels were measured. Duration: Two timepoints: late pregnancy and 10 to 12 months postpartum.
Zoya 2023 Randomised controlled trial: Daily oral palmitoylethanolamide (Levagen+) or placebo; amount not stated in the abstract. Duration: 11 weeks, including 8 weeks of progressive resistance training.
Wei 2023 Laboratory study: Ramulus Cinnamomi essential oil; palmitoylethanolamide itself was not added. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Sara 2023 Observational study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was measured in plasma, not given. Duration: Baseline with a 12-month follow-up.
Michele 2023 Laboratory study: NAAA inhibition by gene editing or drugs, which raises cellular palmitoylethanolamide; PEA itself was not added. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Lang-Illievich 2023 Meta-analysis: The included trials used 300 mg to 1,200 mg a day. Duration: From 10 days to 12 months. Most trials ran 8 to 12 weeks.
Latini 2023 Observational study: Drug therapy alone; drug therapy plus the supplement; drug therapy plus oxygen-ozone injections; or all three. Supplement doses not stated in the abstract. Duration: 4 weeks.
Katarzyna 2023 Observational study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was measured in plasma, not given. Duration: 2 hours of cold exposure, samples at baseline, 60 and 120 minutes.
Erin 2023 Observational study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was measured in plasma, not given. Duration: Two study weeks one month apart; cannabis abstinence in the second week.
Kadanangode 2023 Open-label, no control group: Two tablets once daily after food, each containing PEA 400 mg and astaxanthin 1 mg (PeaNoc XL, Apex Laboratories), added to standard therapy. Duration: 12 weeks.
Luke 2023 Observational study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was measured in hair and saliva, not given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Irene 2023 Laboratory study: 2% adelmidrol and 0.1% hyaluronic acid gel given intrarectally. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Pirro 2023 Observational study: Co-ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide with luteolin; dose not in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Nilesh 2023 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Rao 2023 Randomised controlled trial: 300 mg of Levagen+ twice a day. Duration: 12 weeks.
Christopher 2023 Open-label, no control group: No palmitoylethanolamide was given to people; PEA and other metabolites were applied to macrophages and worms at doses not stated in the abstract. Duration: 3-day protocol including a 36-hour fast.
Salaffi 2023 Randomised controlled trial: 600 mg of palmitoylethanolamide with 500 mg of acetyl-L-carnitine, twice a day, added to duloxetine and pregabalin. Duration: 12 weeks after randomisation, with outcomes tracked over 24 weeks.
Salvatore 2023 Observational study: Not applicable; a survey of prescribing practice. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Teresa 2023 Laboratory study: PLGA microparticles decorated with hyaluronic acid and loaded with palmitoylethanolamide, citicoline or GDNF, for intravitreal injection; amounts not stated. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Alzbeta 2023 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; tissue levels were measured. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Alessandro 2023 Laboratory study: Micronised palmitoylethanolamide, hempseed oil and maritime pine bark dry extract tested individually and as a mixture (Pelvipea), at concentrations up to 230 micrograms/mL. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Anthony 2023 Laboratory study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was not given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Ruhan 2023 Observational study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; serum levels were measured. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Francesca 2023 Laboratory study: 50 micromolar alpha-lipoic acid plus 5 micromolar palmitoylethanolamide, applied to cells before or after LPS. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Sonia 2023 Observational study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; hair, plasma and urine levels were measured. Duration: Three months of plasma sampling (Study I) and one month of urine sampling (Study II).
Versace 2023 Randomised controlled trial: 700 mg ultramicronised PEA plus 70 mg luteolin (Glialia, Epitech Group) as sublingual microgranules, twice daily, versus inert placebo granules. Duration: 8 weeks.
Vladimir 2023 Laboratory study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was measured in tissue, not given. Duration: Cryopreserved storage up to the usual 3 to 5 year expiry; freeze-dried after one year.
Zili 2023 Observational study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; blood levels were measured. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Abedini 2022 Randomised controlled trial: 600 mg twice a day, added to lithium and 3 mg of risperidone. The comparison group took placebo with the same drugs. Duration: 6 weeks.
Ran 2022 Open-label, no control group: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; herbal cannabis as prescribed. Duration: Three months.
Albanese 2022 Controlled trial: 1,800 mg a day of ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide, as microgranules taken under the tongue (Normast MPS). Duration: 28 days.
Chiara 2022 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide 30 mg/kg/day orally for 7 weeks, given alongside the high-fat diet after 12 weeks of high-fat diet. Duration: 7 weeks of treatment, following 12 weeks of high-fat diet.
Othman 2022 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide or the NAAA inhibitor AM11095 in cell culture; AM11095 in mice; doses not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Loredana 2022 Laboratory study: Phycocyanin and palmitoylethanolamide, alone and combined, applied to cultured cells. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Bonetti 2022 Observational study: Oral alpha-lipoic acid plus palmitoylethanolamide plus myrrh; doses not stated in the abstract. Duration: Assessed at about 60 days.
Matteo 2022 Controlled trial: 800 mg/day alpha-lipoic acid, 600 mg/day palmitoylethanolamide and 200 mg/day myrrh by mouth, with oxygen-ozone periradicular injections under CT guidance. Duration: Follow-up at one week, three months and six months.
Sara 2022 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract; palmitoylethanolamide and 2-AG added to cell culture. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Giulia 2022 Observational study: Not stated in the abstract; no treatment was given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Colizzi 2022 Meta-analysis: Varied. Duration: Not applicable.
De 2022 Open-label, no control group: 700 mg of palmitoylethanolamide with 70 mg of luteolin a day, taken under the tongue (Glialia). Two of the three groups also did olfactory training. Duration: 90 days.
Di 2022 Randomised controlled trial: 700 mg ultramicronised PEA plus 70 mg luteolin (Glialia, Epitech Group) once daily, with daily olfactory training in both groups. Duration: 90 days.
Fessler 2022 Randomised controlled trial: 600 mg of Levagen+ twice a day. Duration: 4 weeks.
Rossella 2022 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract; palmitoylethanolamide added to cell culture. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Agnese 2022 Laboratory study: URB866 at 25 micromolar in cell culture. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Gonzalez 2022 Open-label, no control group: A palmitoylethanolamide-based product (Calmux) every 12 hours; amount per dose not in the abstract. Duration: 3 months.
Shimrit 2022 Observational study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; salivary levels were measured. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Indraccolo 2022 Meta-analysis: Micronised palmitoylethanolamide with polydatin, short courses. Duration: 3-month follow-up.
Rosmara 2022 Laboratory study: Repeated administrations of co-ultramicronised PEALut; dose and route not stated in the abstract. Duration: 28-day observation period.
Despina 2022 Case series: Palmitoylethanolamide 900 mg daily (10 mg/kg). Duration: Pain relief reported within 48 hours; total duration not stated.
Jost 2022 Observational study: Not stated in the abstract; no treatment was tested (patients were on standard or rigorous blood-pressure control). Duration: Baseline and after 2 and 4 years.
Inna 2022 Meta-analysis: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; plasma and interstitial levels were compared. Duration: Not applicable.
Lang-Illievich 2022 Randomised controlled trial: 400 mg three times a day, against placebo. Duration: 4 weeks on each.
Yuhang 2022 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; the NAAA inhibitor F96 was applied locally, dose not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Lingfang 2022 Observational study: Not stated in the abstract; no treatment was given. Duration: 2-year follow-up.
Jonas 2022 Observational study: Not stated in the abstract; no treatment was given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Francisco 2022 Case series: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Francesca 2022 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Madis 2022 Observational study: Not stated in the abstract; no treatment was given. Duration: Measured at onset, 0.6 years and 5.1 years after starting antipsychotic treatment.
Pickering 2022 Randomised controlled trial: 600 mg a day of Levagen+. Duration: 8 weeks.
Raciti 2022 Observational study: 600 mg twice a day. Duration: About 3 months.
Tanja 2022 Observational study: Not stated in the abstract; no treatment was given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Salehi 2022 Randomised controlled trial: 600 mg twice a day, added to a stable dose of the antipsychotic risperidone. The comparison group took placebo with risperidone. Duration: 8 weeks.
Alicia 2022 Observational study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; levels in blood cells were measured during dimethyl fumarate treatment. Duration: 24 months, with sampling at baseline, 12 and 24 months.
Aniello 2022 Laboratory study: PEA-OXA or ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide added to cell culture; concentrations not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Scuteri 2022 Meta-analysis: Doses varied. Examples include 600 mg a day and 300 mg twice a day. Duration: Mostly 30 to 60 days.
Natalia 2022 Observational study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; plasma levels were measured during a Mediterranean diet intervention. Duration: 3 years, with sampling at 0, 6, 12 and 36 months.
Niclas 2022 Open-label, no control group: Not stated in the abstract; no palmitoylethanolamide was given. Duration: Six-month follow-up.
Clarissa 2022 Observational study: Not stated in the abstract; no treatment was given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Yao 2022 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract; no compound was tested. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Oana 2022 Observational study: Not stated in the abstract; no treatment was given. Duration: Samples donated about 10 years apart.
Dena 2022 Meta-analysis: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Studies with at least 4 weeks of follow-up.
Matthias 2021 Observational study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was measured, not given. Duration: Single session with endurance exercise.
Alexander 2021 Observational study: Not stated in the abstract; no treatment was given. Duration: 3 cm hair segments, reflecting about three months.
Bloch 2021 Open-label, no control group: THX-110: THC up to 10 mg a day with a fixed 800 mg a day of PEA. Duration: 12 weeks, with a 24-week extension.
Stefania 2021 Case series: Um-PEALut (co-ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin) added to carbidopa/levodopa therapy. Duration: 4 months.
Michela 2021 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Up to 7 days after injury in mice; not stated for the patients.
D'Ascanio 2021 Randomised controlled trial: Daily oral PEA plus luteolin supplement with weekly olfactory rehabilitation, versus twice-daily olfactory rehabilitation alone. Duration: 30 days.
De 2021 Controlled trial: No PEA given. Nitroglycerin 0.9 mg under the tongue to provoke a migraine-like attack. Duration: 2 hours of measurements.
Paolo 2021 Laboratory study: Not applicable; no palmitoylethanolamide was given. The test compounds are NAAA inhibitors. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Isola 2021 Randomised controlled trial: A supplement containing palmitoylethanolamide and baicalin, added to standard scaling and root planing. The comparison group had scaling and root planing alone. Duration: 6 months.
Harshavardhan 2021 Observational study: Not stated in the abstract; no treatment was given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Maghfour 2021 Controlled trial: Commercial topical products: two containing cannabidiol plus PEA, one hemp seed oil product, and four concentrations of cannabidiol alone. Duration: Standard patch-test schedules for irritation, sensitisation and phototoxicity.
Michael 2021 Laboratory study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was not given. The test compounds are isothiocyanate NAAA inhibitors. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Amedeo 2021 Observational study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was measured in serum and stool, not given. Duration: Longitudinal cohort data; period not stated.
Stamatis 2021 Observational study: Not stated in the abstract; no treatment was given. Duration: Hair collected at baseline and 30 days after prolonged intensive exercise.
Pagano 2021 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised PEA (um-PEA); concentration and in vivo dose not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Alex 2021 Observational study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was measured in serum, not given. Duration: 12-month follow-up for mortality.
Francesca 2021 Laboratory study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was not given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Parisi 2021 Controlled trial: Palmitoylethanolamide 600 mg plus acetyl-L-carnitine 500 mg (Kalanit, Chiesi) twice a day for 2 weeks, then once a day for 6 months. Duration: Six months: twice a day for 2 weeks, then once a day.
Rao 2021 Randomised controlled trial: 350 mg of Levagen+ once a day, one hour before sleep. Duration: 8 weeks.
Sarnelli 2021 Laboratory study: Biopsies cultured at pH 3.0 or 7.4, with PEA added at several concentrations, alone or with PPAR-alpha or PPAR-gamma blockers. Duration: Tissue culture.
Mark 2021 Randomised controlled trial: JNJ-42165279 25 mg daily by mouth, or placebo. Duration: 12 weeks.
Silvia 2021 Randomised controlled trial: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was measured in plasma, not given. Duration: 8 weeks.
Friederike 2021 Observational study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was measured in hair, not given. Duration: Cross-sectional with a longitudinal reassessment after a BMI increase of at least 14%.
Kazuhito 2021 Laboratory study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was not given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Clarissa 2021 Observational study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; the study measured naturally occurring levels in hair. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Zaiss 2021 Observational study: OnLife, a supplement of specific fatty acids with palmitoylethanolamide; dose not in the abstract. Duration: 3 months after the end of chemotherapy.
Chiara 2020 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide 30 mg/kg per day by mouth in mice; concentration in cells not stated. Duration: Described as long-term; exact length not stated in the abstract.
E 2020 Observational study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; plasma levels were measured. Duration: Cross-sectional.
Martina 2020 Open-label, no control group: Palmitoylethanolamide with luteolin (PEA-LUT) 700 mg twice daily. Duration: 4 weeks.
Alexander 2020 Observational study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was measured in hair, not given. Duration: 1 cm hair strands, reflecting roughly the previous month.
Briskey 2020 Randomised controlled trial: A single 300 mg dose: palmitoylethanolamide with the LipiSperse dispersion system (Levagen+) or standard palmitoylethanolamide. Duration: Blood samples over 4 hours.
Giovanna 2020 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide 1, 3 and 10 micromolar in culture. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Inês 2020 Observational study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; plasma and skin levels were measured. Duration: Follow-up to 3 months after surgery.
Maximilian 2020 Observational study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; hair levels were measured. Duration: 3 cm scalp-near hair segments, reflecting about 3 months.
Alessia 2020 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Lucia 2020 Controlled trial: No palmitoylethanolamide supplement; biscuits with 10% olive oil, 10% palm oil or 10% paraffin oil were chewed and salivary PEA measured. Duration: Single fasting sessions.
Faig-Marti 2020 Randomised controlled trial: Palmitoylethanolamide or placebo; dose not in this abstract (see the same group's 2017 trial). Duration: 2 months.
Dorian 2020 Observational study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; plasma levels were measured. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Erin 2020 Randomised controlled trial: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; serum levels were measured. Duration: Two nights of normal (8.5 h) or restricted (4.5 h) sleep in each condition, separated by at least one month, followed by 24-hour blood sampling.
Andreas 2020 Laboratory study: Anandamide 50 micromolar or palmitoylethanolamide 50 micromolar in culture, with centrifugation-induced inflammation. Duration: 6 and 10 hours.
Iwona 2020 Laboratory study: Cannabidiol in culture; concentration not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Barbara 2020 Controlled trial: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; intravenous lidocaine as a co-analgesic during anaesthesia. Duration: Blood sampled before surgery, immediately after, at 6 hours and the next morning.
Jalal 2020 Observational study: A topical cannabidiol (CBD) gel; palmitoylethanolamide was not given. Amount not stated. Duration: 2 weeks.
Michael 2020 Laboratory study: Not applicable; no palmitoylethanolamide was given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Mallard 2020 Randomised controlled trial: 167.5 mg of Levagen+ (150 mg of palmitoylethanolamide) as a drink, before exercise, after exercise, and at 24 and 48 hours. Duration: Four laboratory visits over consecutive days.
Papetti 2020 Open-label, no control group: Ultramicronised PEA 600 mg a day. Duration: 3 months.
Natalie 2020 Meta-analysis: Not stated in the abstract for palmitoylethanolamide. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Linda 2020 Observational study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was measured, not given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Rossi 2020 Randomised controlled trial: 600 mg once a day by mouth, added to usual eye drops. Duration: Two 4-month periods, one with palmitoylethanolamide and one without, with no washout between.
Scaturro 2020 Observational study: Ultramicronised PEA 600 mg twice daily with rehabilitation and massage for 20 days, then 600 mg once daily for a further 40 days, alongside standard therapy. Duration: 60 days total.
Niclas 2020 Controlled trial: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; plasma levels were measured before and after a resistance exercise programme. Duration: 15 weeks.
Masaomi 2020 Randomised controlled trial: ASP3652 single oral doses of 30, 100, 300, 600 and 900 mg; multiple doses of 100 and 300 mg twice daily; or placebo. Duration: Multiple dosing reached near steady state at about 3 days; total length not stated in the abstract.
Lea 2020 Controlled trial: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; plasma PEA was measured during 48 hours in a respiration chamber on a high-protein or moderate-protein diet. Duration: 48 hours.
Samuel 2020 Observational study: Not applicable; a survey about medical cannabis, not a treatment study. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Mireille 2019 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide applied to cells for uptake assays; concentration not stated in the abstract. Duration: Uptake and release measured over minutes.
Alshelh 2019 Open-label, no control group: 300 mg capsules, at an individual dose of 600 to 900 mg three times a day. Duration: 6 weeks.
F 2019 Controlled trial: Sinerga dietary supplement containing palmitoylethanolamide, Kluyveromyces marxianus B0399, bovine colostrum and phenylalanine, taken 20 of every 30 days, with antihistamine and intranasal corticosteroid. Duration: 3 months.
P 2019 Observational study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; plasma levels were measured. Duration: Prospective cohort followed to delivery.
Cervigni 2019 Open-label, no control group: Oral micronised palmitoylethanolamide with polydatin; dose not in the abstract. Duration: 6 months.
Chirchiglia 2019 Case series: Ultramicronised PEA added to existing gabapentin therapy; PEA dose not stated in the abstract. Duration: 3 months.
Couch 2019 Randomised controlled trial: Oral PEA or cannabidiol or placebo in the human arm; dose not stated in the abstract. Duration: Single-dose lactulose-mannitol permeability test.
Cruccu 2019 Randomised controlled trial: 600 mg a day of micronised palmitoylethanolamide.
Anne 2019 Observational study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; plasma levels were measured. Duration: Cross-sectional.
R 2019 Laboratory study: Not applicable; no palmitoylethanolamide was given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Abdella 2019 Case series: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; blood levels were measured. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Lunardelli 2019 Controlled trial: Glialia (ultramicronised PEA 700 mg plus luteolin 70 mg) in patients; co-ultraPEALut 1 mg/kg by mouth in mice before or after LPS. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Jacob 2019 Controlled trial: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; serum levels were measured. Duration: Two separate 20-minute cycling sessions, one at prescribed moderate intensity and one at self-selected intensity.
Smriti 2019 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; cells were treated with doxycycline and a calcium ionophore. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Onesti 2019 Open-label, no control group: Ultramicronised PEA 600 mg twice a day for one week, added to usual treatment. Duration: 3 weeks of weekly assessments around a 1-week treatment period.
Ottaviani 2019 Randomised controlled trial: 600 mg of ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide twice a day. Duration: 60 days, with a follow-up 4 months after stopping.
Silvia 2019 Observational study: Alpha-lipoic acid 600 mg/day by mouth, with or without palmitoylethanolamide 600 mg/day by mouth. Duration: Follow-up after 98 plus or minus 46 days.
Schweiger 2019 Observational study: Ultramicronised PEA tablets (Normast) added to whatever other treatment the patient was on; dose not stated in the abstract. Duration: Follow-up period not stated in the abstract.
Steels 2019 Randomised controlled trial: 300 mg a day or 600 mg a day, in two divided doses, against placebo. Duration: 8 weeks.
Niclas 2019 Controlled trial: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; endogenous plasma levels were measured. Duration: A single 30-minute session of arm cycling.
Stochino 2019 Open-label, no control group: 600 mg of ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide twice a day for 10 days, then 400 mg of palmitoylethanolamide with 40 mg of polydatin twice a day for 80 days. Duration: 90 days, with a 30-day follow-up.
Chirchiglia 2018 Controlled trial: 1,200 mg a day of ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide. Duration: 90 days.
Chirchiglia 2018 Case series: Ultramicronised PEA together with paracetamol and codeine; PEA dose not given in the abstract or preview. Duration: Two treatment cycles with checks at one and two months.
Evangelista 2018 Controlled trial: 600 mg of ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide twice a day, before and after surgery. The comparison group had surgery only. Duration: The period before and after surgery.
Ghazizadeh-Hashemi 2018 Randomised controlled trial: 600 mg twice a day, added to the antidepressant citalopram. The comparison group took placebo with citalopram. Duration: 6 weeks.
Khalaj 2018 Randomised controlled trial: Palmitoylethanolamide added to the antipsychotic risperidone. The comparison group took placebo with risperidone. The dose was not visible on the page checked. Duration: 10 weeks.
Artukoglu 2017 Meta-analysis: Varied across trials. Duration: Varied across trials.
Brotini 2017 Observational study: 600 mg of ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide, added to usual treatment. Duration: One year.
Couch 2017 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide or cannabidiol at 10 micromolar in culture, with an inflammatory stimulus. Duration: Tissue culture.
Cremon 2017 Randomised controlled trial: 200 mg of palmitoylethanolamide with 20 mg of polydatin, twice a day. Duration: 12 weeks.
Di 2017 Controlled trial: Topical PEA eye preparation (Defluxa) added to the patient's glaucoma drops; concentration not stated in the abstract. Duration: 30 days, assessed at days 0, 15 and 30.
Faig-Martí 2017 Randomised controlled trial: 300 mg twice a day. Duration: 60 days.
Germini 2017 Randomised controlled trial: 600 mg of ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide twice a day, against placebo. Duration: Two 3-week treatment phases for each patient, separated by 2-week washouts.
Giammusso 2017 Randomised controlled trial: 300 mg of palmitoylethanolamide with 300 mg of alpha-lipoic acid (Peanase), compared with 320 mg of saw palmetto. Duration: 12 weeks.
Indraccolo 2017 Meta-analysis: Micronised palmitoylethanolamide 400 mg with transpolydatin 40 mg twice a day. Duration: 3 months.
Antonella 2017 Observational study: Ultramicronised PEA (um-PEA, Normast), added on top of tapentadol and pregabalin after one month of standard treatment. Duration: 3 months total, with um-PEA added for the final 2 months.
Passavanti 2017 Observational study: Ultramicronised PEA added to tapentadol; PEA dose not in the abstract. Duration: 6 months.
Viße 2017 Randomised controlled trial: A body lotion with palmitoylethanolamide, applied twice a day, compared with the same lotion without it. The concentration was not visible on the page checked. Duration: 2 weeks, with a 2-week follow-up.
Andresen 2016 Randomised controlled trial: Ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide, added to usual treatment. The dose was not visible on the page checked. Duration: 12 weeks.
Carmen 2016 Laboratory study: PEA 3-30 mg/kg/day subcutaneously in mice; PEA applied to SH-SY5Y cells in vitro. Duration: Not stated precisely in the abstract.
Caltagirone 2016 Observational study: Co-ultramicronised PEA-luteolin 10:1 (Glialia) for 60 days in patients; post-ischaemia dosing in rats. Duration: 60 days, assessed at baseline and 30 days.
Domenico 2016 Case series: Standard oral doses of palmitoylethanolamide and topiramate, given in combination. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Earle 2016 Laboratory study: MicroPEA 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight/day in the 90-day rat study; up to 2000 mg/kg in the acute study. Duration: 14-day preliminary study, then a 90-day subchronic rat oral toxicity study.
Orefice 2016 Randomised controlled trial: 600 mg a day of ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide, added to interferon. Duration: 12 months.
Paladini 2016 Meta-analysis: Micronised and ultramicronised PEA as used in the included studies. Duration: Pain change tracked over time to day 60.
Palma 2016 Observational study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Petrosino 2016 Laboratory study: Dogs: ultramicronised PEA 30 mg/kg once. Volunteers: micronised PEA 300 mg once. Cells: 10 to 20 micromolar. Duration: Blood sampled over 8 hours in dogs and 6 hours in people.
Nicola 2015 Case series: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Caruso 2015 Open-label, no control group: PEA 300 mg plus alpha-lipoic acid 300 mg twice daily. Duration: 9 months, assessed at 3, 6 and 9 months.
Del 2015 Observational study: All patients took duloxetine and pregabalin. The prospective group then added palmitoylethanolamide for 3 months: ultramicronised 600 mg twice a day at first, then micronised 300 mg twice a day. Duration: 6 months.
Morera 2015 Controlled trial: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Dario 2014 Open-label, no control group: Ultramicronised PEA (PEA-um), 1200 mg per day by mouth, added to existing stable therapies. Duration: 40 days.
Costagliola 2014 Controlled trial: 300 mg of ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide twice a day. Duration: 6 months.
Ghafouri 2014 Randomised controlled trial: No PEA was given. The study measured the body's own PEA in muscle fluid before and after 4 to 6 months of exercise. Duration: 4 to 6 months.
Nigro 2014 Observational study: Sinerga, a product containing palmitoylethanolamide, bovine colostrum, phenylethylamine and Kluyveromyces probiotic; doses not in the abstract. Duration: Retrospective review; the abstract gives the period as March 2013 to November 2012 (as printed).
Schifilliti 2014 Open-label, no control group: Micronised PEA (Normast) 300 mg twice daily. Duration: 60 days, with a follow-up visit at 90 days.
Yuan 2014 Randomised controlled trial: An emollient with 0.3% palmitoylethanolamide and 0.21% acetylethanolamine, applied twice a day, compared with an emollient without them. Duration: 28 days.
Lo 2013 Open-label, no control group: Two tablets a day of PEA 400 mg plus polydatin 40 mg. Duration: 90 days, assessed monthly.
Murina 2013 Randomised controlled trial: PEA 400 mg plus transpolydatin 40 mg twice daily, or placebo. Duration: 60 days (mean 26.7 TENS sessions).
Strobbe 2013 Randomised controlled trial: PEA 300 mg twice daily or matching placebo, prepared by the hospital pharmacy. Duration: 3 months, 2-month washout, then 3 months on the other treatment (crossover).
Gatti 2012 Observational study: PEA 600 mg twice daily for 3 weeks, then 600 mg once daily for 4 weeks, with or without existing analgesics. Duration: 7 weeks.
Marini 2012 Randomised controlled trial: 300 mg in the morning and 600 mg in the evening for 7 days, then 300 mg twice a day for 7 days. The comparison group took ibuprofen 600 mg three times a day. Duration: 14 days.
Cobellis 2011 Randomised controlled trial: Micronised PEA 400 mg plus transpolydatin 40 mg twice daily for 3 months; placebo for 3 months; or celecoxib 200 mg twice daily for 7 days. Duration: 3 months.
Conigliaro 2011 Controlled trial: PEA 600 mg or 1200 mg a day; untreated control group. Duration: 30 days.
Gagliano 2011 Randomised controlled trial: PEA 300 mg tablets twice daily or vehicle placebo, added to timolol. Duration: 2 months, 2-month washout, then 1 month on the other treatment (crossover).
Pescosolido 2011 Controlled trial: 2 tablets a day of PEA or placebo for 15 days before the procedure; tablet strength not given in the abstract. Duration: 15 days pretreatment; pressure measured at 15, 30 and 120 minutes after iridotomy.
Truini 2011 Open-label, no control group: PEA 300 mg twice daily. Duration: 2 months.
Guida 2010 Randomised controlled trial: Micronised PEA (Normast) 300 mg or 600 mg a day, or placebo, on top of usual treatment. Duration: 21 days.
Indraccolo 2010 Case series: 400 mg of palmitoylethanolamide with 40 mg of polydatin, twice a day. Duration: 90 days.
Phan 2010 Open-label, no control group: A cream containing the cannabinoid receptor agonist N-palmitoylethanolamine, applied as adjuvant therapy. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Eberlein 2008 Observational study: A skin care cream containing palmitoylethanolamide in a lamellar base, used regularly. The abstract does not state the concentration. Duration: 4 to 6 weeks.
Hoareau 2006 Laboratory study: PEA added to culture with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Duration: Cell culture.
Ständer 2006 Open-label, no control group: An emollient cream containing palmitoylethanolamide (PEA; written N-palmitoyl ethanolamine in the abstract), applied by patients over the course of the study. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Szepietowski 2005 Open-label, no control group: A cream with structured physiological lipids (Derma Membrane Structure) containing endogenous cannabinoids, applied twice daily. Duration: 3 weeks, with a follow-up visit 2 weeks after stopping.

Dogs

Briskey 2026 Randomised controlled trial: Dogs: 150 to 750 mg a day by body weight. Cats: 150 mg a day. Both as Levagen+ capsules given with food. Duration: 6 weeks.
Giorgia 2023 Controlled trial: A complementary feed of ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide, bovine colostrum and Bacillus subtilis; amount not stated. Duration: 4 weeks.
Roberto 2022 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract; no treatment was given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Hay 2022 Observational study: No PEA given. Serum levels of the dog's own PEA and other endocannabinoids were measured. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Galiazzo 2018 Laboratory study: No PEA given. Immunohistochemistry for four receptors. Duration: Not applicable.
Abramo 2017 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised PEA 30 micromolar in the culture medium, given 24 hours before and 72 hours with compound 48/80 (10 or 100 micrograms/mL), a mast cell secretagogue. Duration: 5 days of culture.
Petrosino 2016 Laboratory study: Dogs: ultramicronised PEA 30 mg/kg once. Volunteers: micronised PEA 300 mg once. Cells: 10 to 20 micromolar. Duration: Blood sampled over 8 hours in dogs and 6 hours in people.
Petrosino 2016 Laboratory study: Adelmidrol, a PEA analogue, or azelaic acid added to cell cultures. Duration: Cell culture.
Noli 2015 Open-label, no control group: Ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide by mouth. A later review gives the dose as 10 mg/kg a day. Duration: 8 weeks.
Abramo 2014 Laboratory study: No PEA given. The dogs' own skin PEA was measured. Duration: Not applicable.
Cerrato 2012 Laboratory study: A single dose by mouth of 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg, in ultramicronised form. Duration: Single dose.
Cerrato 2012 Controlled trial: 2 percent adelmidrol emulsion applied topically for 8 days; repeated intradermal antigen challenges. Duration: 8 days.
Cerrato 2010 Laboratory study: PEA from 10 nanomolar to 10 micromolar in vitro. Duration: In vitro challenge.

Cats

Briskey 2026 Randomised controlled trial: Dogs: 150 to 750 mg a day by body weight. Cats: 150 mg a day. Both as Levagen+ capsules given with food. Duration: 6 weeks.
Noli 2019 Randomised controlled trial: 15 mg/kg once daily by mouth, as an ultramicronised oral suspension. Duration: A 28-day tapering course of methylprednisolone for all cats, then 8 weeks on the supplement or placebo, then 4 weeks of follow-up.
Scarampella 2001 Open-label, no control group: PLR 120 (comicronised palmidrol, described as an analogue of PEA) 10 mg/kg twice daily; no other drugs allowed; parasite control maintained. Duration: 1 month, assessed at 15 and 30 days.

Horses

Gatti 2025 Laboratory study: No PEA given. An analytical method for measuring the horse's own PEA and oleoylethanolamide in plasma. Duration: Not applicable.
Gugliandolo 2020 Case series: 2.5 g a day of ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide, mixed into feed. Duration: 2 to 4 months.

Other animals

Paige 2026 Laboratory study: PEA 10 micromolar. Duration: 24 hours (myoblast cell-cycle analysis); acute treatment for transcriptomics.
Paige 2026 Laboratory study: PEA 10 micromolar or ibuprofen 100 micromolar, treated for 36 hours. Duration: 36 hours.
Roberta 2026 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Chronic treatment, assessed at 6 and 12 months of age.
Fabiana 2026 Laboratory study: Low-dose combination of ultramicronised PEA and DHA; exact doses not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Anna 2026 Laboratory study: Sustained-release PEA pellets, implanted, continuous infusion. Duration: 6 months.
Om 2026 Laboratory study: PEA, Cucumis sativus extract, an NSAID standard, or combinations, given orally for 28 days. Duration: 28 days.
Xiaojun 2026 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
A 2025 Laboratory study: Oral tramadol (1.0 to 31.62 mg/kg), PEA (0.0316 to 10 mg/kg), or combinations (tramadol 1.0 to 10 mg/kg with PEA 0.0316 to 1.0 mg/kg); gabapentin (1.0 to 177.78 mg/kg) as a comparator. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Bárbara 2025 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Luca 2025 Laboratory study: URB937, a peripherally restricted FAAH inhibitor, 1 or 3 mg/kg intraperitoneal, or vehicle, after stress; palmitoylethanolamide itself was not given. Duration: Behaviour tested 24 hours (Experiment 1) or 7 days (Experiment 2) after exposure.
Frikha 2025 Laboratory study: Not applicable. Duration: Not applicable.
Rebecca 2025 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Xiao-Min 2025 Laboratory study: Oral INND-2201 (ED50 4.43 mg/kg inflammatory pain, 5.54 mg/kg neuropathic pain); intramuscular INND-2201 nanocrystals, particle size 107.1±2.7 nm. Duration: Pain relief from intramuscular nanocrystals lasted up to 5 days.
Eleonora 2025 Laboratory study: PEA-loaded hybrid PLGA-lipid nanoparticles, particle size about 150 nm. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
S 2025 Laboratory study: Single oral dose of micronised PEA (10 micrometre grade), micronised PEA (6 micrometre grade), water-dispersible PEA, or standard non-micronised PEA. Duration: Single-dose pharmacokinetic study.
Yasuhiro 2025 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Tortolani 2025 Laboratory study: About 30 mg/kg a day, released from a pellet implanted under the skin. Duration: 6 months, from 6 to 12 months of age.
Yuhao 2025 Laboratory study: Oral PEA supplementation (dose not stated in the abstract); Lactiplantibacillus sp. LP03 and other probiotic strains tested separately. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Faizy 2024 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; PEA was one of the measured analytes. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Balaji 2024 Laboratory study: A single injection into the abdomen of 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg, or vehicle. Duration: Single dose, with brain imaging while awake.
Francesca 2024 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Eleonora 2024 Laboratory study: Lipid nanoparticles made from palmitoylethanolamide, tested on cells up to 0.64 mg/mL. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Laura 2024 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Laura 2024 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide given before and with morphine at fixed or increasing doses of both; amounts and route not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Chuanpeng 2024 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide loaded into elastic nano-liposomes (PEA-ENL), applied topically. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Isabel 2024 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Purvi 2024 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide encapsulated in phytosomes, at a human-equivalent dose of 123 mg/kg, once or twice daily, oral. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Yan-Bin 2024 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: 10-day withdrawal period.
Min 2024 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Limin 2024 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract; palmitoylethanolamide was not given as a treatment. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Chaoling 2023 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; kidney PEA and OEA levels were measured. Duration: 72 hours after cisplatin.
Myrna 2023 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide, morphine and gabapentin given alone or combined, with doses in micrograms per paw; isobolographic analysis at a 1:1 ratio; route not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Yun 2023 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide applied to cells in vitro; injected intraperitoneally in mice (dose not stated). Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Miki 2023 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; diets contained 38.4 or 3.1 mg oleic acid per gram, with oleic acid or OEA treatment in some groups. Duration: Two weeks.
Tatsuya 2023 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Wei 2023 Laboratory study: Ramulus Cinnamomi essential oil; palmitoylethanolamide itself was not added. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Dilinu 2023 Laboratory study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was detected as a metabolite in the juice. Duration: Fermentation 24 hours at 41.2 degrees C; storage 45 days at 4 degrees C.
Melissa 2023 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Yolanda 2023 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was added; PEA was measured in conditioned medium. Cultures were treated with URB597 or JZL184 at 10^-9 M and AM251 at 10^-6 M. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Irene 2023 Laboratory study: 2% adelmidrol and 0.1% hyaluronic acid gel given intrarectally. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Pirozzi 2023 Laboratory study: 30 mg/kg a day of ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide by mouth. Duration: 7 weeks, starting after 12 weeks on the high-fat diet.
Nilesh 2023 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Christopher 2023 Open-label, no control group: No palmitoylethanolamide was given to people; PEA and other metabolites were applied to macrophages and worms at doses not stated in the abstract. Duration: 3-day protocol including a 36-hour fast.
Sara 2023 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Teresa 2023 Laboratory study: PLGA microparticles decorated with hyaluronic acid and loaded with palmitoylethanolamide, citicoline or GDNF, for intravitreal injection; amounts not stated. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Sara 2023 Laboratory study: URB597 (FAAH inhibitor) or JWH133 (CB2 agonist); palmitoylethanolamide itself was not added. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Toti 2023 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised PEA 100 micromolar for 18 hours before morphine 30 micromolar. Duration: Cell culture.
Kazuhito 2023 Laboratory study: Not applicable; radiolabelled palmitoylethanolamide is used as the enzyme substrate. Duration: Not applicable.
Jonah 2023 Laboratory study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was not given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Luwen 2023 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
N 2022 Laboratory study: Melatonin, paracetamol and palmitoylethanolamide given by intraplantar injection, alone or in combination. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Chiara 2022 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide 30 mg/kg/day orally for 7 weeks, given alongside the high-fat diet after 12 weeks of high-fat diet. Duration: 7 weeks of treatment, following 12 weeks of high-fat diet.
Francesco 2022 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide delivered subcutaneously for 3 months. Duration: 3 months.
Othman 2022 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide or the NAAA inhibitor AM11095 in cell culture; AM11095 in mice; doses not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Colizzi 2022 Meta-analysis: Varied. Duration: Not applicable.
Claudia 2022 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide 30 mg/kg orally, one hour after the last paclitaxel injection, for 7 days; paclitaxel 8 mg/kg intraperitoneally every other day for a week; the antagonists AM281 (1 mg/kg) and GW6471 (2 mg/kg) given 30 minutes before palmitoylethanolamide in separate experiments. Duration: 7 days of palmitoylethanolamide treatment.
Alessandro 2022 Laboratory study: Adelmidrol 1 and 10 mg/kg orally for 21 days; PPAR-gamma inhibitor 1 mg/kg. Duration: 21 days.
Davide 2022 Laboratory study: PEA-OXA at 10 mg/L in water, following repeated exposure to 0.25% DSS. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Alejandro 2022 Laboratory study: Injections of LPI, palmitoylethanolamide, ML184 or ML193; doses and route not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Amira 2022 Laboratory study: Paclitaxel (0.01-10 micromolar) or palmitoylethanolamide (0.1-10 micromolar) alone or combined, applied to cultured neurons. Duration: Assessed at 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment.
Roberta 2022 Laboratory study: Co-ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin (co-ultra PEALut). Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Maria 2022 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide 10 mg/kg subcutaneously, given within the first hour of life. Duration: Assessed from postnatal day 1 to postnatal day 21.
Tatsuya 2022 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide, 9-HODE or 4-HDoHE administered to wild-type mice; dose and route not stated in the abstract. Duration: Serum sampled every 8 hours.
Rosmara 2022 Laboratory study: Repeated administrations of co-ultramicronised PEALut; dose and route not stated in the abstract. Duration: 28-day observation period.
Livia 2022 Laboratory study: Adelmidrol 2% by aerosol at 1 and 6 hours after LPS. Duration: Hours after LPS instillation; endpoint not stated in the abstract.
Gitit 2022 Controlled trial: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; tissue levels were measured after omega-3 (flaxseed oil) supplementation. Duration: The transition period around calving.
Lama 2022 Laboratory study: 30 mg/kg a day by mouth. Duration: 7 weeks, after 12 weeks on the high-fat diet.
Yuhang 2022 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; the NAAA inhibitor F96 was applied locally, dose not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Veronica 2022 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Alex 2022 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Eleonora 2022 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide loaded in solid lipid nanoparticles, added to cell culture; concentration not stated in the abstract. Duration: Up to 14 hours of incubation.
Elisabetta 2022 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; 0.2% fenofibrate in the diet. Duration: 21 days.
Takashi 2022 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide applied to cultured immune cells; dose used in mice not stated. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Francesca 2022 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Rundle 2022 Laboratory study: Topical formulation containing 0.9% cannabidiol and PEA, compared against a potent topical corticosteroid (mometasone). Duration: Ear edema measured at 24 and 48 hours after treatment.
Duncan 2022 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide at concentrations from 0.5 to 2 wt% in edible oils. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Wenju 2022 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; gabexate mesylate by injection, dose not stated in the abstract. Duration: 24 hours after the procedure.
Xiaohua 2022 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Ayat 2022 Laboratory study: Ten phytomolecules including palmitoylethanolamide, with or without delta-9-THC; concentrations and doses not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Guoyang 2022 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Nicola 2021 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide, 25D3 or 1,25D3 added to cultured microglia; concentrations not stated. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Antonuccio 2021 Laboratory study: Ultra-micronised PEA (PEA-um), 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal. Duration: 21 days.
Ardizzone 2021 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide at 2.5 or 5 mg/kg, acetyl-L-carnitine at 2.5 or 100 mg/kg, plain palmitoylethanolamide at 100 mg/kg, and combinations, all by mouth 30 minutes before the injection. Duration: 6 hours.
Michela 2021 Laboratory study: PEA-OXA or ultramicronised PEA, 10 mg/kg by mouth 15 to 20 minutes before each oxaliplatin dose. Duration: 25 days.
Michela 2021 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Up to 7 days after injury in mice; not stated for the patients.
Mauro 2021 Laboratory study: AM11095 at 3 to 30 mg/kg with morphine; route not stated in the abstract. Duration: Chronic morphine treatment; length not stated in the abstract.
D'Aloia 2021 Laboratory study: 100 micromolar in the culture dish, given 1 hour before a bacterial toxin (lipopolysaccharide). Duration: 6 hours.
Ramona 2021 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide 30 mg/kg orally, 30 minutes before and 1 hour after the start of LPS infusion. Duration: 4-hour LPS infusion.
D'Amico 2021 Laboratory study: Baicalein 1 mg/kg, ultramicronised PEA 9 mg/kg, or um-PEA/baicalein combination 10 mg/kg (10:1 ratio), oral, daily. Duration: 14 days, alongside daily testosterone propionate 3 mg/kg injections.
D'Antongiovanni 2021 Laboratory study: 5 mg/kg a day by mouth. Duration: 2 months, from 4 months of age.
Del 2021 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised PEA at increasing concentrations in cell culture, alone or with the PPAR-alpha antagonist MK886. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Deshmukh 2021 Laboratory study: 250, 500 or 1,000 mg/kg a day by mouth from day 0 to day 19 of gestation. Duration: 19 days of gestation, with caesarean examination on day 20.
Paolo 2021 Laboratory study: Not applicable; no palmitoylethanolamide was given. The test compounds are NAAA inhibitors. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Esposito 2021 Laboratory study: pNAPE-LP probiotic given intragastrically for 7 days before colitis induction. Duration: 7 days pre-treatment before toxin challenge.
Giuseppe 2021 Laboratory study: An engineered Lactobacillus paracasei F19 expressing NAPE-PLD, given with ultra-low palmitate so that the bacteria produce palmitoylethanolamide in the gut; doses not stated. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Facci 2021 Laboratory study: Co-ultramicronised PEALut applied to cell cultures; concentration not stated in the abstract. Duration: Up to one week in vitro.
Lisa 2021 Laboratory study: Oleoylethanolamide, palmitoylethanolamide or meth-anandamide given intracerebrally or systemically; doses not stated. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Yannick 2021 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: NAAA disabled during a 72-hour window after injury.
Yannick 2021 Laboratory study: ARN19702, an oral NAAA inhibitor, in a dose range; 30 mg/kg oral for the reward and motor tests. Palmitoylethanolamide itself was not given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Yannick 2021 Laboratory study: ARN19702 3 and 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally; ARN19702 1, 3 and 10 microgram/microlitre, ARN077 and ARN726 3 and 10 microgram/microlitre by microinjection into the ventral tegmental area or nucleus accumbens. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Fusco 2021 Laboratory study: Micro composite PEA/rutin (1:1), 10 mg/kg; administration route not stated in the abstract. Duration: 14 days.
Jessica 2021 Laboratory study: Intraperitoneal PPAR antagonists (GW6471, GSK0660, GW9662) or palmitoylethanolamide; doses not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Andrea 2021 Laboratory study: Not applicable; substrates were tested against the NAAA enzyme in vitro. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Rosaria 2021 Laboratory study: URB937 given before or after nitroglycerin; dose and route not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Yiman 2021 Laboratory study: Not applicable; no palmitoylethanolamide was given. Cells were labelled with radioactive ethanolamine. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Jiaji 2021 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Jung 2021 Laboratory study: PEA 50 or 100 mg/kg body weight per day, oral. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Kong 2021 Laboratory study: PEA in culture; ROCK2 inhibition IC50 38 micromolar. Duration: 0 to 4 hours.
Lama 2021 Laboratory study: Ultra-micronised PEA, 30 mg/kg daily, oral. Duration: 7 weeks of treatment, following 12 weeks of high-fat diet.
Yitian 2021 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Yitian 2021 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide, or the NAAA inhibitor F96; doses and route not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Harshavardhan 2021 Observational study: Not stated in the abstract; no treatment was given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Mabou 2021 Laboratory study: Hemp oil extract (HOE) 10, 50 or 100 mg/kg oral, alone or combined with PEA 10, 30, 100 or 300 mg/kg oral. Duration: CCI effects assessed to day 7 after surgery.
Michael 2021 Laboratory study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was not given. The test compounds are isothiocyanate NAAA inhibitors. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Emiliano 2021 Laboratory study: GLUPEA at the same concentration as PEA in cells, and at the same dose as ultramicronised PEA in mice; amounts and route not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Murillo-Rodriguez 2021 Laboratory study: Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) or PEA, 5, 10 or 30 mg/kg, injected intraperitoneally, with or without the PPAR-alpha antagonist MK-886 (30 mg/kg intraperitoneal). Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Elisabetta 2021 Laboratory study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was measured, not given. Diets contained 12% milk fat, 4% soybean oil and 4% test oil. Duration: 10 weeks.
Pagano 2021 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised PEA (um-PEA); concentration and in vivo dose not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Francesca 2021 Laboratory study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was not given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Peritore 2021 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised PEA (um-PEA); exact dose and administration route not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Alessio 2021 Laboratory study: Comicronised ultramicronised PEA plus polydatin, 10 mg/kg by mouth (9 mg PEA plus 1 mg polydatin). Duration: Assessed four days after DNBS.
Sarnelli 2021 Laboratory study: Biopsies cultured at pH 3.0 or 7.4, with PEA added at several concentrations, alone or with PPAR-alpha or PPAR-gamma blockers. Duration: Tissue culture.
Nadia 2021 Meta-analysis: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Literature searched in April 2019.
Janelle 2021 Laboratory study: Photocaged palmitoylethanolamide (OCT-PEA) released by light at genetically targeted membranes; concentration not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Wisam 2021 Laboratory study: Repeated palmitoylethanolamide, and the NAAA inhibitor AM9053 given acutely or repeatedly; doses and routes not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Kazuhito 2021 Laboratory study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was not given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Haocong 2021 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide; dose and route not stated in the abstract. Duration: Assessed at 1, 3 and 7 days after injury.
Chiara 2020 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide 30 mg/kg per day by mouth in mice; concentration in cells not stated. Duration: Described as long-term; exact length not stated in the abstract.
Shahar 2020 Laboratory study: AM6545; dose and route not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Beggiato 2020 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised PEA (um-PEA), 100 mg/kg/day, oral. Duration: 3 months.
Sarah 2020 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide 0.1 micromolar applied to astrocytes for 24 hours before co-culture. Duration: 24-hour pre-exposure.
Yvonne 2020 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; brain levels were measured. Duration: 3 weeks of stress.
Leonardo 2020 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Gianfranca 2020 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; a diet lacking essential fatty acids, palmitic and oleic acids, replaced with saturated fat. Duration: 12 weeks.
Giovanna 2020 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide 1, 3 and 10 micromolar in culture. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Ana 2020 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; the FAAH inhibitor URB937 at several doses, route not stated. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Qi 2020 Laboratory study: Exogenous palmitoylethanolamide; dose and route not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Marika 2020 Laboratory study: PEA-OXA 10 mg/kg daily by mouth. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Alessia 2020 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Ramona 2020 Laboratory study: Colomast 20 mg/kg by oral gavage 30 minutes before immobilisation. Duration: Single pre-treatment; stress lasted 2 hours.
Fábio 2020 Laboratory study: FAA1 and FAA2 from Carapa guianensis oil; dose and route not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Facchinetti 2020 Laboratory study: Co-ultramicronised PEALut, 5 mg/kg, administered for 14 days. Duration: 14 days.
Yannick 2020 Laboratory study: URB597 1 and 3 mg/kg or URB937 3 mg/kg intraperitoneally daily 30 minutes before morphine; AM251 3 mg/kg, AM630 3 mg/kg or GW6471 4 mg/kg as antagonists. Duration: 7 days of twice-daily morphine.
Roberta 2020 Laboratory study: Adelmidrol 10 mg/kg; route and dosing frequency not stated in the abstract. Duration: 21 days.
Kolter 2020 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide 0, 75, 150 or 225 mg/kg; also tacrolimus, sirolimus and secukinumab at several doses; route not stated in the abstract. Duration: 2-day Drinking in the Dark test.
Francesca 2020 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide; dose and route not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Neelu 2020 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; serum levels were measured. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Hernandez 2020 Laboratory study: PEA administered after PB exposure; dose not stated in the abstract. Duration: Effects tracked up to 5 months after exposure.
Andreas 2020 Laboratory study: Anandamide 50 micromolar or palmitoylethanolamide 50 micromolar in culture, with centrifugation-induced inflammation. Duration: 6 and 10 hours.
Wenhui 2020 Laboratory study: Fucoxanthinol pre-treatment in culture; concentrations not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Hee-Yeon 2020 Laboratory study: Douchi extract 20 mg/kg by mouth; PEA used in an involucrin expression test, concentration not stated. Duration: Mite extract applied in weeks 4 to 6 and 8 to 10.
Tetsuo 2020 Laboratory study: ASP8477 by mouth, single and four-week repeated dosing; doses not stated in the abstract. Duration: Single doses and 4 weeks repeated dosing.
Adriano 2020 Laboratory study: OEA 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally daily, starting 3 days before DSS. Duration: 12 days.
Michael 2020 Laboratory study: Not applicable; no palmitoylethanolamide was given. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Marichal-Cancino 2020 Laboratory study: PEA, 0.1 to 3.1 micrograms/kg/min, continuous intravenous infusion, with or without receptor antagonists (NIDA41020, AM630, capsazepine, cannabidiol). Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Morsanuto 2020 Laboratory study: Micronised PEA, FM-LipoMatrix PEA, or FM-LipoMatrix PEA plus lipoic acid and vitamin D3; concentrations not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Silvia 2020 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; NAAA was deleted or overexpressed genetically. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Puglia 2020 Laboratory study: PEA-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier ophthalmic formulation, topical eye instillation. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Siracusa 2020 Laboratory study: Micronised PEA (PEA-m), 10 mg/kg oral, given at different time points before or after incision. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Amal 2020 Laboratory study: 2-AG or JZL184 by subcutaneous injection into the right hind paw; doses not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Udovin 2020 Laboratory study: PEA, 10 mg/kg, subcutaneous, given one hour after asphyxia. Duration: 30 days.
Longhe 2020 Laboratory study: Atractylodin in cell culture; IC50 for NAAA 2.81 micromolar; cytokine doses not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Ye 2020 Laboratory study: PEA given by intraperitoneal injection or oral administration; exact dose not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Xiang 2020 Laboratory study: Geniposide; dose and route not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Mohammad 2019 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide, WIN-55,212 and HU210 at several doses; route not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Serena 2019 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Chronic treatment starting once neuropathic pain was fully developed; exact duration not stated.
Serena 2019 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide started after neuropathic pain developed; dose and route not stated in the abstract; given with or without the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP or the mGluR8 antagonist MDCPG. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Beata 2019 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; a priming dose of cocaine 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally after extinction. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Roberto 2019 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; brain levels were measured. Duration: Measured at the end of induction and after recovery.
Contarini 2019 Laboratory study: PEALut, 0.1 to 5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, daily from day 11 after immunisation. Duration: Daily dosing from day 11, assessed to at least day 14 post-immunisation.
Marika 2019 Laboratory study: Palmitoylglucosamine or micronised palmitoylglucosamine 30 or 100 mg/kg by mouth (inflammation model); 30 mg/kg three times a week (osteoarthritis model); dexamethasone 0.1 mg/kg as reference. Duration: Up to 6 hours in the inflammation model; 21 days in the osteoarthritis model.
D'Amico 2019 Laboratory study: PEA-baicalein composite (9:1), 10 mg/kg, given 5 minutes before the end of ischaemia and again 1 hour after reperfusion. Duration: 30 minutes ischaemia plus 2 hours reperfusion.
Lucia 2019 Laboratory study: Not applicable; food contents were measured. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Sara 2019 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; a single intravenous bolus of anandamide 20 mg/kg. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Fotio 2019 Laboratory study: Noxiall (PEA, beta-caryophyllene, carnosic acid, myrrh extract), compared with gabapentin or pregabalin, and combined with sub-effective pregabalin doses. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Fusco 2019 Laboratory study: PEA-OXA; dose and route not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Gomez-Boronat 2019 Laboratory study: PEA, 20 micrograms/g body weight, intraperitoneal. Duration: Acute (single dose, measured 6-8 hours later) and chronic treatment periods.
Miguel 2019 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; tissue levels were measured. Duration: A 24-hour cycle, fed and fasted.
Hohmann 2019 Laboratory study: PEA, 2-AG, or the combination, applied to cultures; concentrations not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Daniela 2019 Laboratory study: Micronised palmitoylethanolamide 10 mg/kg daily by oral gavage, starting 2 weeks after streptozotocin. Duration: To 16 weeks.
Raissa 2019 Laboratory study: Prophylactic palmitoylethanolamide; dose and route not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Li 2019 Laboratory study: PEA 2.5, 5.0 or 10 mg/kg oral, compared with fluoxetine 10 mg/kg oral, and PEA combined with the PPAR-alpha antagonist MK886. Duration: 35 days.
Andrea 2019 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide; dose and route not stated in the abstract; compared with the PPAR-alpha agonists fenofibrate and GW7647. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Lunardelli 2019 Controlled trial: Glialia (ultramicronised PEA 700 mg plus luteolin 70 mg) in patients; co-ultraPEALut 1 mg/kg by mouth in mice before or after LPS. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Gavin 2019 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; synthetic oleoyl glycine 1 to 30 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Petrosino 2019 Laboratory study: PEA applied to cell cultures, with or without a CB2 antagonist (AM630) or a diacylglycerol lipase inhibitor (OMDM188); concentrations not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Erin 2019 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; the FAAH inhibitor PF-3845 and the PPAR-alpha agonist GW7647 injected into the ventral pallidum. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Ruhan 2019 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; dipyrone 150, 300 or 600 mg/kg or paracetamol 30, 100 or 300 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection. Duration: Nociception tested at 1, 5 and 12 hours after injection.
Bo 2019 Laboratory study: Not applicable; palmitoylethanolamide was detected as a fungal metabolite. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Pan 2019 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; the NAAA inhibitor F215 by intra-articular and intraperitoneal injection, doses not stated. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Zimmermann 2019 Laboratory study: Not applicable; this study manipulated the enzyme (FAAH) that breaks down PEA and anandamide, rather than administering PEA. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Maria 2018 Laboratory study: micronised PEA (m-PEA) 10 mg/kg or vehicle, given 1 hour after CFA injection. Duration: Assessed at 24 and 72 hours after CFA injection.
Sarah 2018 Laboratory study: PEA 0.1 micromol/L, applied to astrocytes 1 hour before and during amyloid-beta42 (0.5 micromol/L) exposure. Duration: 24-hour amyloid-beta42 exposure.
Claudia 2018 Laboratory study: Not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Rosalia 2018 Laboratory study: micronised PEA (PEAm), pretreatment for 60 days; exact dose not stated in the abstract. Duration: 60-day pretreatment, then 4 MPTP injections over 24 hours, mice killed 7 days later.
Heide 2018 Laboratory study: PEA 0.1 mg/kg intraperitoneal, two doses, 12 hours and 30 minutes before infection. Duration: Two doses before infection; outcomes followed for survival and measured at 24 hours after infection.
María 2018 Laboratory study: PEA 10 mg/kg, given within the first hour of life. Duration: Assessed 1 month after the asphyxia insult.
Mariana 2018 Laboratory study: PEA or oleoylethanolamide (OEA), 2 or 10 mg/kg; route not stated. Duration: Behavioural tests and immunohistochemistry at 30 days of age.
Masatsugu 2018 Laboratory study: In vitro, PEA added to LX-2 cells; in vivo, PEA 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally, three times weekly from week 3. Duration: 4-week carbon tetrachloride protocol, with PEA given during weeks 3 and 4.
Petrosino 2018 Laboratory study: A single dose by mouth of 10 or 30 mg/kg of labelled palmitoylethanolamide, as plain powder (particles of 100 to 2,000 micrometres) or ultramicronised (0.8 to 6 micrometres). Duration: Up to 6 hours.
Manuel 2018 Laboratory study: Not stated precisely in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Julia 2018 Laboratory study: PEA given by intraperitoneal injection, acute and subchronic; exact mg/kg not stated in the abstract. Duration: Endocannabinoid and eicosanoid levels tracked over 180 minutes post-seizure; subchronic dosing also tested.
Carmelo 2018 Laboratory study: PEA-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (PEA-NLC) applied topically, compared with a PEA suspension. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Giovanni 2018 Laboratory study: PEA given intraperitoneally, alone or with PPAR antagonists, from day 2 to day 7 after Tat administration. Duration: 7 days.
Caterina 2018 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised PEA (um-PEA), delivered subcutaneously. Duration: 3 months.
Emma 2018 Laboratory study: PEA 1 or 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, given repeatedly or acutely. Duration: Not stated precisely in the abstract.
Pan 2018 Laboratory study: No palmitoylethanolamide was given; pyrrolidine amide NAAA inhibitors, compound 4g (E93) in vivo, dose not stated. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Roberto 2017 Laboratory study: Not applicable; no PEA was administered, this is a measurement-artefact study. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Britti 2017 Laboratory study: 10 or 20 mg/kg of a co-ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide and quercetin product by mouth, compared with the anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam. Duration: A single dose in the swelling model. Three doses a week for 21 days in the joint model.
Marika 2017 Laboratory study: Co-micronised PEA/polydatin; testosterone propionate 3 mg/kg daily for 14 days induced BPH; PEA/polydatin dose not stated. Duration: 14 days.
Linda 2017 Laboratory study: PEA 10 micromol/L. Duration: 24 hours.
Enrico 2017 Laboratory study: PEA/polydatin combination 30 mg/kg; route not stated. Duration: 14 days.
Francesca 2017 Laboratory study: PEA; dose and route not stated in the abstract. Duration: Behaviour assessed from day 14 (anxiety/aggression) and from day 60 (depressive-like behaviour, social interaction) after mTBI.
Cecilia 2017 Laboratory study: PEA administered intra-ventral hippocampus; dose not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Anthonia 2017 Laboratory study: Not applicable; a single dietary fat bolus of 40% of energy given within a 2-hour window, not a PEA treatment. Duration: Fatty acid ethanolamide levels measured at 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours after feeding.
Fiorentina 2017 Laboratory study: PEA 10 mg/kg, given 15 minutes before each allergen exposure. Duration: Sensitization period with repeated allergen exposures.
Tai-Kyung 2017 Laboratory study: PEA given by intraperitoneal and intra-articular injection; exact dose not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Carmen 2016 Laboratory study: PEA 3-30 mg/kg/day subcutaneously in mice; PEA applied to SH-SY5Y cells in vitro. Duration: Not stated precisely in the abstract.
Caltagirone 2016 Observational study: Co-ultramicronised PEA-luteolin 10:1 (Glialia) for 60 days in patients; post-ischaemia dosing in rats. Duration: 60 days, assessed at baseline and 30 days.
M 2016 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised PEA (PEA-um). Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Marika 2016 Laboratory study: Adelmidrol 10 mg/kg daily, oral. Duration: Not stated precisely in the abstract.
Rosalia 2016 Laboratory study: Co-ultramicronised PEA and luteolin (co-ultraPEALut), 1 mg/kg given into the abdomen daily for 72 hours after injury. Duration: 72 hours of treatment after spinal cord injury.
Rosanna 2016 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised PEA (PEA-um), 10 mg/kg, given 15 minutes after ischaemia onset and 1 hour after reperfusion. Duration: 30 minutes of ischaemia plus 2 hours of reperfusion.
Rosanna 2016 Laboratory study: Co-micronised PEA/polydatin 10 mg/kg/day, oral. Duration: 28 days.
Rosanna 2016 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised PEA (PEA-um), 1, 3 or 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally, 1 hour after bleomycin and daily thereafter. Duration: 7 and 21 days.
Giulia 2016 Laboratory study: PEA and gabapentin tested alone (ED50 9.2 and 67.4 mg/kg) and combined; also intraplantar, intrathecal and intracerebroventricular PEA; repeated PEA 30 mg/kg for 7 days. Duration: 7-day repeated dosing for tolerance testing.
E 2016 Laboratory study: Oral co-micronised PEA and polydatin composite, compared with micronised PEA plus polydatin given as separate compounds. Duration: Single-dose acute carrageenan model, effects tracked over time after injection.
Daniela 2016 Laboratory study: Adelmidrol; dose not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Teresa 2016 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised PEA, 10 mg/kg by mouth daily, or placebo. Duration: 25 days of treatment.
Earle 2016 Laboratory study: MicroPEA 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight/day in the 90-day rat study; up to 2000 mg/kg in the acute study. Duration: 14-day preliminary study, then a 90-day subchronic rat oral toxicity study.
Bright 2016 Laboratory study: PEA administered directly into the ACC; dose not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Petrosino 2016 Laboratory study: Dogs: ultramicronised PEA 30 mg/kg once. Volunteers: micronised PEA 300 mg once. Cells: 10 to 20 micromolar. Duration: Blood sampled over 8 hours in dogs and 6 hours in people.
Petrosino 2016 Laboratory study: Adelmidrol, a PEA analogue, or azelaic acid added to cell cultures. Duration: Cell culture.
Massimo 2016 Laboratory study: PEA 5 mg/kg intraperitoneally, at each of three allergen challenges and for two more days. Duration: 19-day sensitization/challenge protocol, itch assessed 48 hours after the final challenge.
Iraj 2015 Laboratory study: PEA given with or without the CB1 antagonist AM251 or the CB2 antagonist AM630. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Massimo 2015 Laboratory study: Co-ultramicronised PEA/luteolin (10:1 by mass), 10 micromolar in culture. Duration: Cells collected 1, 4 and 8 days after treatment.
Francesca 2015 Laboratory study: PEA, 1 mg/kg, given into the abdomen and/or by mouth. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Myrna 2015 Laboratory study: PEA (1-100 micrograms per paw) and acetaminophen (3-300 micrograms per paw), injected under the skin of the paw, alone and combined in a fixed 1:1 ratio. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Myrna 2015 Laboratory study: PEA (0.1-56.2 micrograms per paw) and tramadol (1-56.2 micrograms per paw), injected into the paw, alone and in a fixed 1:1 combination. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Lorenzo 2015 Laboratory study: PEA, 30 mg/kg given under the skin daily, alongside morphine 10 mg/kg given into the abdomen daily. Duration: Daily dosing tracked over multiple days until tolerance developed.
Giulia 2015 Laboratory study: PEA; dose and route not stated in the abstract. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
F 2015 Laboratory study: PEA administration; exact dose and route not detailed in the abstract. Duration: Assessed 30 days after nerve injury.
Daniela 2015 Laboratory study: Silymarin (100, 30 or 10 mg/kg) or PEA (1 mg/kg) or PEA (1 mg/kg) plus silymarin (10 mg/kg), given into the abdomen 15 minutes before clamp release. Duration: 30 minutes of ischaemia plus 6 hours of reperfusion.
Daniela 2015 Laboratory study: PEA, given into the abdomen 1 hour before and 7 hours after LPS injection; dexamethasone used as a positive control. Duration: Rats examined 16 hours after LPS injection.
Tzu-Yu 2015 Laboratory study: PEA applied directly to the synaptosome preparation, at varying concentrations. Duration: Not applicable (acute in vitro exposure).
Giuseppina 2015 Laboratory study: PEA, 30 mg/kg per day, for five weeks. Duration: Five weeks.
Irene 2015 Laboratory study: PEA 10 mg/kg by mouth daily, starting 3 days after streptozotocin injection. Duration: Up to 60 days.
Federica 2015 Laboratory study: Ultramicronised PEA, given exogenously; exact dose not detailed in the abstract, tested with and without a CB1 antagonist (rimonabant) or a PPAR-alpha antagonist (GW6471). Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
A 2015 Laboratory study: Cannabidiol 5 mg/kg, PEA 5 mg/kg, or both together, from disease onset. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Maria 2015 Laboratory study: PEA, 0.1 micromolar, given before exposure to amyloid-beta 42 (0.5 micromolar) for 24 hours. Duration: 24 hours of amyloid-beta exposure.
Diana 2015 Laboratory study: Various pegylated PEA prodrugs applied topically to skin. Duration: Effects tracked up to 5 days after topical application.
Federica 2015 Laboratory study: L-Val-PEA and D-Val-PEA given orally at doses equimolar to PEA. Duration: Plasma measured at several time points after dosing.
Daniela 2014 Laboratory study: micronised PEA (PEA-m, 10 mg/kg) or ultramicronised PEA (PEA-um, 10 mg/kg) or nonmicronised PEA (PeaPure, 10 mg/kg), given by mouth or into the abdomen. Duration: Not stated in the abstract.
Daniel 2014 Laboratory study: Not applicable (analytical method paper). Duration: Not applicable.
De 2011 Laboratory study: 200, 400 or 800 micrograms per mL injected into the sponge at the start. Duration: 96 hours.
Murillo-Rodríguez 2011 Laboratory study: Palmitoylethanolamide, oleoylethanolamide or the FAAH inhibitor URB597, microinjected (10, 20 or 30 micrograms) into the lateral hypothalamus or dorsal raphe nucleus. Duration: Single-dose pharmacological trials, with EEG/EMG recording and later microdialysis sampling.